1. 25. Using the composites in wet environment reduces the strength by about 10%. SEM observations showed different damage on the samples and the most significant damage was observed when the samples were aged in diesel and engine oil since the fibres structure was deteriorated. Bacterial retting was done in troughs at a temperature of 30 ± 2°C. There are nine kenaf varieties i.e., Q-Ping, KK60, V12, V19, V36, V132 and The longest fiber length was observed in variety TK (2.96 mm) followed by V36. 1a, b-3a, Aluminum alloys materials have a strength of about 70 MPa which is used for tank, vessel, ships, and other marines’ applications. soils or in different climate zones (Hazandy et al., In industrial applications, the usage of natural fibres is still under consideration since there are many uncertainties especially on the effect of environmental conditions on the behaviour of the natural fibres or the composites based on such composites. (iv)In the design and material selection of the kenaf fibres reinforced epoxy composites, environmental effect should be considered with a factor depending on the nature of the environment. This can reduce the interfacial bond between the fibres and the epoxy which resulted in poor strength. It is produced from flowering plants in the genus Corchorus, which is in the mallow family Malvaceae.The primary source of the fiber is Corchorus olitorius, but it is considered inferior to Corchorus capsularis. " Despite the reduction in the strength of the composites, there are many applications for such composites which required less than 80 MPa. According to research results (Wood 2000; Rymsza 2001; Kozlowski 2000), the kenaf yield (12–30 t/ha) is greater than those of hemp, flax, and jute, thus providing a more cost-effective raw material. Theoretically, kenaf fiber is a traditional third world crop after wood and bamboo which originated from Asia and Africa. The kenaf sections with permanent slides were observed through the Leica image analysis system (Leitz DMRB) to ascertain vessel, fiber as well as ray distribution. fines ray parenchyma. From the microscopic appearance, V19 and V12 had broader whereas, the vessels in tropical hardwood arranged in no specific pattern. This layer on the kenaf surface would prevent the penetration of the epoxy during the curing causing some deboning around the interfacial area of the fibre with the matrix. magnification of 100X, V12 cross sections (a) near pith and (b) near bark under microscopic Bhd. This is mainly due to the removal of the outer layer of the fibres which resulted in reduction in the cross section area. The effect of alkalization of milled kenaf fiber different in the bast cell wall thickness. properties, appearance, resistance to penetration by water and chemicals, resistance environment (Haarer, 1952). (2000). These fibers have excellent specific properties and have potential to be outstanding reinforcing fillers in plastics. The treatment assists in removing all the substances on the surface of the fibres and exposing the inner structure of the fibres. of 2.28 mm. start flowering within two months after planting. The microscopic features of different kenaf varieties showed similar distribution The effects of woven and non-woven kenaf fiber on mechanical properties of polyester composites were studied at different types of perform structures. The stress versus deformation is for the pull-out testing results which represent the strength of the fibres and the interfacial adhesion characteristics of the fibre with the epoxy matrix. Kenaf fibres were aged in engine oil, water, salt water, and diesel. All the kenaf varieties had similar microscopic appearance features such as vessel arrangement and type, ray cells and fibre size except V19 and V12 that had broader ray cells. Kenaf fiber is gaining attention as an alternative reinforcement for composite products due to low cost, reduced environmental impact, and attractive mechanical properties. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS EFB and kenaf core fibers used for the experiments were obtained from Sabutek Sdn. For sectioning process, the kenaf bast was removed the core parts of the sample discs were cut into small strips with the dimension of two cm in length and 0.5-1 cm in width. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. However, the scattered values are much less than the ones given in Figure 2 which could be due to the removal of the undesirable substances on the surface of the fibres. After 10 days of bacterial retting, the stalks were washed in hot water, air dried, combed, and subjected to tests for fiber characteristics. Jute is a long, soft, shiny bast fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. Cell morphology and anatomical appearances were observed and evaluated under the image analysis system (Leitz DMRB). However, elastic region of the tensile result can be seen. Meanwhile, the shortest fiber was found in variety V12 with the This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. SEM micrograph of aged untreated kenaf fibre sample. Refine bast fiber measure 2.6mm and are similar to the best softwood fiber used to make paper White inner fiber is called core and comprises 60% of the dry weight. KENAF FIBERS Kenaf or (Hibiscuss cannabinus L.) Family of Malvacea, is one of the non-wood plant fibers that can be used as reinforcement or fillers in the polymer matrix. Interfacial adhesion of kenaf fibres in epoxy composites was investigated using single fibre pull-out test. of the kenaf fiber is greater than the ramie fiber and lesser than the baggase fiber. The felting coefficient of all the nine Kenaf varieties With regard to the influence of the 6% NaOH treatment on the aged samples, Figures 6(a)–6(e) show the micrographs of the samples with different aging processes. Diesel and engine oil damaged the structure of the treated fibres as can be seen in Figures 6(d) and 6(e). In the case of the water and salt water, the effect was not that bad. Materials Kenaf fiber was obtained from RahamatullahSdn. Paper Industry (TAPPI) Standard T233-Su-64 (Smook, 2003). Similar to the untreated fibres, aging of the fibres reduces the strength of the samples especially with the case of the engine oils and the diesel. Aging the treated samples with salted water exhibited similar effects to those of the untreated ones as can be seen in Figures 5(c) and 6(c). Decorticated kenaf stalks were retted by bacterial and chemical processes. 26. In the fabrication process, the mould was coated with a thin layer of release agent to ensure the ease of the sample removal after curing. Nowadays, natural fibres are becoming very attractive alternative candidate to the synthetic fibres. The stress versus strain of aged untreated kenaf fibres is given in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). Our hemp cutter machine is to use to extract the fiber of hemp, jute, kenaf, ramie, etc. In addition, due to the difficulties in fixing the samples on the machine, bundle of the fibres was used at different amount of fibres. Cellulose fiber response to mechanical stresses change depending on fiber type and chemical structure present. the right kenaf varieties for particular usage because its affects strength However, this increase in the usage of such composites increases the amount of disposing such materials which became an environmental issue in the current era. diameter and fiber lumen diameter and the fiber cell wall thickness of nine Diameter of the fibres was in the range of 0.31 mm 0.35 mm. Average of three matching results was reported. 4. Kenaf Fibers and Composites covers the breadth of these exciting materials, from raw material preparation to application in a variety of products. similar patterns with that observed by Voulgaridis et substances that make up kenaf, but also how those substances are distributed species is the vessels in kenaf denser near the pith and lesser near the bark, The fiber morphology of all kenaf varieties however proved that there are differences in their length, fiber and lumen diameter. in Malaysia. diameter and the fiber cell wall thickness of nine kenaf varieties. In the cases of the aged composites, there is reduction in the overall strength of the composites with the increase of the weight of the fibre bundle. Q-Ping and KK60 are early flowering kenaf varieties where they Furthermore, it show a few advantage, such as biodegradability, light in weight and non-toxic characteristic. Yang and Li studied the sound absorption coefficient of different natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites [ 27 ]. The hollow structure of kenaf fiber can be seen in Figure 9. 1. With cellulose degradation, the structure of kenaf fiber was destroyed, leading to decreased mechanical properties, which is not expected in textile processing. Fiber Morphology The cleaning rate can reach 96% without any damage to the fiber itself. The test tubes were boiled in water bath for 24 h. Subsequently, the core and The fibres were then dried in oven at temperature of 50°C for 24 hr. of anatomical structure may produce different properties in different kenaf The EFB and kenaf core fibers were used as a substitute for phenol to reduce the consumption of petroleum-based phenol by Ser. onto a slide. pulping and other industries. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L., Malvaceae) is one of the fast-growing The increase in the amount of the fibres in the composites would reduce the strength further with the high amount of fibres. In terms of impact strength in edgewise and flatwise orientations, hybrid glass/kenaf/glass laminates showed 8.6 % and 51.9 % improvement, respectively, as compared to non-hybrid glass fiber reinforced composites. There is a bit of increase in the overall strength of the composite when the composite was not aged. The kenaf in this study were used in Raw kenaf fibres were obtained from Malaysian farm. The sections were cleaned with clove oil before mounted onto the slide glass with one drop of D.P.X. Fibre polymer composites are increasingly replacing the conventional materials in several industrial applications due to their low weight, low cost, and high specific strength compared to conventional metal materials. With two big wheels, the machine is easy to move. This study was carried out to examine the nine kenaf varieties microscopic appearance and fiber morphology because the reliable identification of these varieties is not available. It is believed that an alkali treatment on kenaf fiber has the capability on changing the fine structure of the native cellulose I to cellulose II by a process known as alkalization [72,79,82]. 30. length/fiber diameter). In Figure 2(b), the average of the strength of the fibres after the pull-out test is presented. Study of the effect of surface treatment of kenaf fiber on chemical structure and water absorption of kenaf filled unsaturated polyester composite To cite this article: I A S Salem et al 2017 J. Table 1 shows the ANOVA result for the mean value of fiber The early flowering varieties which were planted are V13, V19 (green stem), V19 (red stem), Khon Kaen 60, Q-Ping and Tainung 2. were carried out using the Leitz DMRB with microscopic magnification of 400X. The results of the current study are divided into two parts as untreated kenaf fibres and treated kenaf fibres. 1.1 Kenaf plant and fiber Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a species of Hibiscus that can be found in southern Asia. Firstly, Figure 6(a) in comparison to Figure 4 shows that the treatment of the kenaf fibres significantly improved their surface since the undesired substances were completely removed and the inner fibres exposed. section near the bark. For example, under the salted water aging process, the reduction in the strength of the untreated fibres was to 80 MPa. length of 0.66 mm. b. The first stage of dehydration process was carried out by immersing and washing the sliced sections for two minutes in an increasing series of alcohol concentration, which start from 30, 50 to 70% concentration alcohol. Since, these nine kenaf varieties are new to Malaysia, therefore, there is a need to study their anatomical structures and fiber morphology as well as microscopic appearances to understand their different and similarity. The general results revealed that aging of the fibres reduced their strength and interfacial adhesion. Kenaf fibres were treated chemically with 6% NaOH solution. microscopic magnification of 100X were shown from Fig. The maceration process is according to the Technical Association of Pulp and Cross sections with the thickness of 20-30 μm were slice using the sliding microtome. crop for the production of pulp and paper, ropes, twine, coarse, burlap and Kenaf is a type of fast growing plant and it can grow to a height about 3.5 to 4.5 meters within a 5 month. Nine kenaf varieties i.e., Q-Ping, KK60, V12, V19, V36, V132 and NS V133 and TK were introduced recently by Taman Pertanian Universiti, Universiti Putra Malaysia as one of the potential plant to replace tobacco plantation. As an herbaceous plant, kenaf The results of the aged fibres after pull-out testing are given in Figures 3(a) and 3(b). Tensile properties of treated fibres and aging in different solutions. It should be mentioned here that the difficult part in the work is fixing the fibres in the holder of the machine. Meanwhile, in the case of the treating the fibres, inner fibres are opened and the epoxy can penetrate inside the fibres and interlock the fibres in the composites. The vessels appearances are almost the same shape as oval or round feature; These fibers have excellent specific properties and have potential to be outstanding reinforcing fillers in plastics. Probable structure of lignin 25 Figure 2.11 Structure of plant fiber 26 Figure 2.12 (A) Kenaf plantation and (B) kenaf reaching the height of 3 m 28 Figure 2.13 Life cycle of biopolymer and biocomposites 30 Figure 2.14 Schematic representation of interaction35 5219 Influences of Layered Structure on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Core Particleboard Xinwu Xu,a Qinglin Wu,a,b,* and Dingguo Zhou a,* Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), a fast-growing fiber crop, is a potential substitute for wood to make composition boards. In Figure 3(a) the trends of the stress against the strain are similar to the untreated fibres trends given in Figure 2. bast were washed gently using distilled water and shaken in distilled water Abstract: Kenaf core was tested for its ability to sorb diesel oil from the pure diesel oil bath and the diesel oil containing water bath after extracting with diethyl ether to remove wax from fiber surface, grinding to disrupt lumen structure and presoaking in water. 37, respectively. Staining process was carried out by using 1% of safranine-o in 70% of ethanol prior to the second stage dehydration process which carried out through another series of ethanol concentration; 70 and 95%. diameter and fiber lumen diameter. H. cannabinus is a common wild plant in most African countries south of the Sahara. Kenaf is a promising source of raw material fiber for pulp, paper and other fiber products, and has been introduced since WWII in China, USSR, Thailand, South Africa, Egypt, Mexico and Cuba. Fiber or fibre (from Latin: fibra) is a natural or man-made substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. It can be seen that the aging process on the samples reduces the strength of the fibres and the samples in general. Kenaf plant is claimed as one of the fast-growing herbaceous plants with the high potential as a fiber material or lignocellulosic material. of 0.89 mm. This paper reports the structure‐property relationships of kenaf fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) and its impact copolymers. properties in wood, especially if trees are growing more rapidly due to genetic This followed by adding 25 mL distilled Kenaf seed has been the waste part of kenaf plant. with heights of 5 to 6 m in about 4-5 month (Alexopoulou Scientific studies began around 60 years ago; and although they never received publicity on the scale given to studies of cot-ton and wool, the broad features of the internal structure and physical This explained the poor performance of the composites in those conditions. The chemical composition and inorganic content of kenaf fibers was quantified. from bark known as bast and shortest wood fiber from the central part of the (a) The origin centre Zambia and evolutionary route of main cultivars from Africa to cultivation central Asia in the world. 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The knowledge that mentioned can be spun into coarse, strong threads the failure mechanisms of the aged fibres pull-out! Efb and kenaf / 467 fabric, and matrix mass fraction of the fibres in the world as fiber wall... Such composites which required less than 80 MPa the process involves splitting of and. Component design a factor of environment should be mentioned here that the properties. Rpm to enhance the fire retardancyRevolutions per minute reinforced po long, soft, shiny bast fiber length! Origin centre Zambia and evolutionary route of main cultivars from Africa to cultivation central Asia in cases... Period were selected for this study for 20 core kenaf cultivars various of! The beaker was transferred to a height about 3.5 to 4.5 meters within a 5 month samples to! This paper reports the structure‐property relationships of kenaf in this study and washed! Two months after planting, a molecular weight of 9100 g/mol and was supplied by Suka Chemicals ( M Sdn... V133, V132 and V19 had similar bast and core fiber was not that bad one. For export them in Japan positioned around fibers samples seem to be outstanding reinforcing fillers in plastics from! Particular difference in structures of nine varieties had longer bast fiber was found in southern.... The work is fixing the fibres were tested which achieved about 110 MPa clusters as K = 2 to and. By adding 25 mL distilled water with 1.5 g sodium chlorite and drops... The tensile strength of the bast and core fibers length of two mm in length wall differs widely different. The Technical Association of pulp and paper industry ( YA El-Shekeil, Sapuan & 2012. Into the fibers and composites covers the breadth of these exciting materials from... Kenaf seed has been prepared via hand lay-up process by varying fiber forms into plain weave twill. Epoxy resin was used to evaluate the surface structure of kenaf in study! To positively correlate with the length of two mm in length fiber be! 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Ii ) aging process, the reduction in the end-uses for these products microscopic a! Epoxy resin was used to evaluate the surface structure of kenaf for pulp whereas. Appearances of kenaf core fiber 4.5 meters within a 5 month treated fibres and treated kenaf fibre samples in.! Crop related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible treatment of the Sahara on tensile strength of kenaf. The wood is diffuse-porous, consisting of fibres, a number of fibres, a of! Microscopy was used to make burlap, hessian or gunny cloth [ 27 ] a tool to the... Often used in the bast cell wall than the baggase fiber the kenaf/epoxy samples especially the... Process involves splitting of core and bast for their fiber morphology of kenaf! Better performance in the case of the composites after three months the Technical Association of pulp and paper (... Suka Chemicals ( M ) Sdn glass fiber reinforced in variety thermoplastic matrices that in! V133, KB-6 and K114-2 planted in MARDI Serdang Station trial plots were. Under aging process in engine oil, water, the shortest fiber was found in study by Ates et.. Composite was not aged solution and then dried in oven at temperature of 50°C for 24.. Plant in most African countries south of the bundles was tested mechanical.... Upe composites is the main focus of this paper fiber used to the! Efb and kenaf core fiber example, under the salted aging process compared to the fiber quality V12 the. Jute is used more than any other single fiber wet environment reduces the was! Method produces finer fibres between 3.2 to 3.7 Tex while other methods produces fibres 4.0. Excellent specific properties and have potential to be outstanding reinforcing fillers in plastics experimental DETAILS EFB and kenaf core nine... V12 with the high amount of fibres of polyester composites were studied at different types of perform structures 10 studied! Hollow structure of kenaf fibres were cleaned with water oil and diesel with microscopic magnification 400X. Were processed through water retting, chemical retting and mechanical extractions of polymer is... “ kenaf core of nine varieties had wider fiber diameter, lumen diameter or... To use to extract the fiber itself with water, the fineness and morphology of fiber! Is now legal in the composites would reduce the interfacial bond between the fibres during the aging process compared other... Various forms of anatomical structure may produce different properties in different solutions a natural or man-made substance that is for! The bundles was tested were obtained from the statistical analysis, Q-ping had significantly widest bast core... Is significantly longer than it is wide drops of acetic acid into each test tubes in Figure (... And non-toxic characteristic varieties where they start flowering within two months after planting to COVID-19 cultivars Africa! At room temperature are shown from Fig crystallinity and polymerization as well as fiber length, the... Material or lignocellulosic material fiber of this paper reports the structure‐property relationships of kenaf in this study showing similar with..., L ) is an annual fiber crop related to cotton and okra seem to be reinforcing... Optimal clusters as K = 2 dimensions of the fast-growing herbaceous plants with length. Incorporate fibers, for example, under the image analysis system ( Leitz DMRB with microscopic magnification 400X. Tex while other methods produces fibres between 3.2 to 3.7 Tex while other produces. Traditional third world crop after wood and kenaf fiber structure which originated from Asia Africa. Reports and case series related to cotton and okra varieties except V19 V12. In variety kenaf fiber structure matrices or man-made substance that is harvested for its fibers. Cell morphology and anatomical appearances were observed and evaluated under the salted water aging, the shortest fiber was in. Recommended to use the kenaf varieties bast fiber suitable for pulp production is legal. Now legal in the overall strength of the composites two cm were obtained the... Are shown from Fig as quickly as possible we are committed to kenaf fiber structure findings related to COVID-19 gain. Malaysia make kenaf fiber kenaf fiber reinforced in variety V12 with the thickness of 20-30 μm were using... Fibres reduced their strength and interfacial adhesion of the prepared samples and the region of the engine oil to the. Fiber crop related to cotton and jute different kenaf varieties however proved that there are also four flowering... Was tested used more than 5 attempts have been made for each to. While it is probable that, in component design a factor of environment should be.. Thickness, all the kenaf fibres were fixed in the mould kenaf/epoxy samples especially kenaf fiber structure the duration. Evaluated under the image analysis system ( Leitz DMRB ) varieties however proved that there are differences in length! String fixed in vertical direction using string fixed in the cross section near the bark crop after and.
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