social media intensity scale

Despite the ubiquity of social media use and growth of research in the area, few studies have examined the relationship between various types of social media use, sense of belonging and psychological wellbeing, while controlling potentially influential variables. The SFUI showed slightly stronger correlations with emotional connection (Pearson r = 0.49, p<0.001) and social networking addiction (Pearson r = 0.32, p<0.001), as compared to those of the EFUI (Pearson r = 0.40 and 0.25, respectively, p<0.001). We developed a new tool, the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS), which can be used to assess SNUI among Chinese junior middle school students. To gauge the impact of online social networking use among adolescents, it is warranted to develop validated instruments to assess online social networking use intensity (SNUI). To assess the intensity of use in social networks, the Social Media Intensity Scale (SMIS) was used . Authors developing measuring minutes spent using the site and scales of social media use have focused mainly number of Facebook friends, although at lower on behavioral frequency of use (e.g., Ross et al., levels than correlations with the Facebook Use 2009), used inadequate measures such as single Intensity scale scores. Abbreviated description of the levels of Modified Mercalli intensity. Intensity Scales Another type of scale focuses on the intensity of one’s social media use, such as how frequently they access social media, how long they spend on different platforms or their subjec-tive experiences of social media. The 14 remaining items were written as questions:” How often have you performed the following online social networking activities in the last month?” Item response scale included six categories: 0 (never), 1 (few), 2 (occasional), 3 (sometimes), 4 (often) and 5 (always). Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., Lampe, C. (2007). Center for Health Education in Guangdong Province, Guangdong, China. The names of the two schools are Li Cheng junior middle school (Liao ZC, Mobile: 0086-13798068286) and Shi Jing junior middle school (Su JQ, Mobile: 0086-13600082844). drop-out added will be distributed Social Network Time Use-Scale (SONTUS) questionnaire to measure the intensity of the use of social media but if the number is sufficienthen only 138 students (calculation of the Slovin formula) will be used as research sample. It was translated to English and back-translated to Chinese. [21] Furthermore, the study provided information on internal consistency without mentioning other psychometric properties. Search for: Tweets by @reyjunco. using social media is related to increased depression. Yes The scale measures the intensity of Instagram use based on the response to seven items, with a four-level Likert scale response mode (1 = Strongly disagree; 4 = Strongly agree). Yes Secondly, participants were conveniently recruited from only two junior middle schools in one city (i.e. The present study aims to develop the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) and validate it among junior middle school students in China. Share. No incentive was given to the students. Duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time per day on average spent on social networking, and number of social networking friends were all positively correlated with the SFUI (Spearman r = 0.26 to 0.38, all p<0.001), EFUI (Spearman r = 0.27 to 0.30, all p<0.001), and SNAIS (Spearman r = 0.30 to 0.40, all p<0.001) (Table 5). Please consider submitting any instruments that you have developed. Such a limitation could be addressed in future revision of the scale. Be that as it may, many feel the reaction from certain nations was short of what was needed. In the present study, the word “Facebook” was replaced by “online social networking” for assessing extent of emotional connection. It would facilitate more research in this field worldwide and specifically in the Chinese population. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click To examine the factor structure of the SNAIS, the sample was randomly split into two subsamples of equal size. [39] The two constructs of the SNAIS would hence facilitate future investigations of variations between effects of the two main types of social networking use on mental health and other outcomes among adolescents. The statement of the novel coronavirus as a pandemic was an invitation to battle for governments to make a dire and quick move. Moreover, Jenkins-Guarnieri, et al (2013) standardized a scale on online social media use that assesses the daily routines of users, combination of the social behavior, along with the emotional connection and importance of to this use, but this scale is not suitable to measure our construct. [6,22,26,27] A pool of 38 items was extracted. number of Facebook friends [15], average daily time spent on social networking [10], and frequency of use [16]), which fails to assess complex constructs of online social networking use. Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. (2016) Validation of the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale among Junior Middle School Students in China. Such an observation needs to be confirmed in the future research. The participants performed online social networking mainly via personal computers (62.1%) and smartphones (24.0%). A literature review on online activities and related measures on social networking use was conducted. The benefits of Facebook ‘‘friends:’’ Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. The correlation coefficients between each item and the overall scale ranged from 0.43 to 0.72 (all p<0.001), while all correlation coefficients between the items and their corresponding subscale ranged from 0.64 to 0.77 (all p<0.001). No, Is the Subject Area "Facebook" applicable to this article? The scores of the SNAIS and its two subscales were positively correlated with the scales of emotional connection to social networking and social networking addiction. The test-retest findings demonstrated that the SNAIS and its two subscales were stable over time. Answers obtained included “chatting with strangers”, “online shopping”, and “reading/searching materials”. To gauge test-retest reliability, 114 students from the school in the urban area completed the same questionnaire after two weeks. We examined its psychometric properties including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. The study and corresponding consent procedure was approved by the Survey and Behavioral Research Ethics Committee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. New scale has been developed to measure the time use on the SNSs.The scale has good psychometric properties.The scale is very simple to use and administer. Besides, Pearson correlation coefficients among SNAIS/subscales, emotional connection to social networking, social networking addiction, and Internet addiction were derived. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China, Affiliation Division of Behavioral Health and Health Promotion, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, The scale showed good internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.73). In our sample, an exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution for this scale, explaining 60.0% of the total variance, and the factor loadings of the six items ranged from 0.73 to 0.85. Therefore, the psychometric properties of SNAIS should be evaluated in a large representative sample in the future, as Internet penetration and behavioral patterns of social networking use may vary across geographic regions in China. The present study has several limitations. Its application may catalyze the development of relevant research on the impact of social networking use among adolescents in China and beyond. It also measures emotional connectedness to the social networking site. It has acceptable psychometric properties and is easy to be self-administered by junior middle school students. No, Is the Subject Area "Internet" applicable to this article? messaging with friends, posting comments, status updating). Social media, such as Instagram and Snapchat, are immensely popular among adolescents (Anderson & Jiang, 2018; Vannucci & McCauley Ohannessian, 2019).Concerns have been raised about adolescents’ social media use (SMU) and its impact on their mental health, in particular on their life satisfaction and depressive symptoms (Primack & Escobar-Viera, 2017; Underwood & … e0165695. Book; Search. Emotional connection to social networking was measured by six attitudinal items adapted from the Facebook Intensity Scale. Those providing an affirmative answer to the question were asked about their experiences in social networking use, including duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time spent on social networking in a typical day, and number of social networking friends. The 14-item scale was pilot tested among 77 secondary school students who were social networking users. The convenient sample method might cause selection bias, but as we studied factor structures, we believe that the bias would be smaller than that of prevalence/risk factors estimations. Definition of Social Media Intensity: The extent to which a person is actively engaged in social networking activities. information-seeking, games, shopping) did not necessarily correlate strongly with each other. Internet addiction was measured by the 8-item Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ). Citation: Li J, Lau JTF, Mo PKH, Su X, Wu AMS, Tang J, et al. Media influence and body image in 8-11-year-old boys and girls: A preliminary report on the multidimensional media influence scale. These suggested activities overlapped with the current 14 items (see Table 1). The scale includes nine items corresponding to the nine diagnostic criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder according to the Appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Further elaborations and refinements are warranted. It is thought that the school principals were responsible for students during the school time, and their informed consent would be enough on behalf of junior middle school students for the school-based study. Yes https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695, Editor: MariaPaz Espinosa, University of the Basque Country, SPAIN, Received: June 8, 2015; Accepted: October 17, 2016; Published: October 31, 2016. Future revision of the scale may modify some items of EFUI to improve its internal reliability. Thus, it could assess individual social networking use intensity more thoroughly than those simple questions. Furthermore, the specific entertainment functions included in the subscale (e.g. All students understood the items well and found the questions not difficult to answer. 1. New Media & Society. Introduction. Search for: Tweets by @reyjunco. Five-point Likert scales were used, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Except for Item 8 and Item 14, item means were close to the middle of the range. In the second subsample, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood estimation was conducted to cross-validate the factor structure which was suggested by the EFA. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Of the 910 participants, 44.4%, 40.2% and 15.4% were 7th, 8th and 9th grade students, respectively and 47.4% came from the urban school. The results being that the correlations between items and their hypothesized subscales were high but those between items and other subscales were weak indicated good content validity for social function and entertainment function assessment related to social networking use. Division of Behavioral Health and Health Promotion, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., Lampe, C. The Facebook Intensity scale is used to measure Facebook usage beyond simple measures of frequency and duration, incorporating emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into individuals’ daily activities. Thirdly, nature of online social networking use has been evolving rapidly, therefore new activities and functions of social networking might need to be considered in the future. As a measure of quality control, 73 (6.7%) of the 1088 collected questionnaires with at least one measurement scale having >20% of its items missing were excluded from data analysis. [17] The Facebook Intensity Scale was developed to measure Facebook usage by incorporating both emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into one’s daily activities. The nature of voluntary participation was clearly mentioned in an announcement and students were informed that they had a right to terminate the study at any time. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? Globally, Internet-based technology has increased dramatically during the past decade. Whitaker Institute for Innovation and Societal ChangeCairnes BuildingNational University of Ireland, GalwayGalwayIreland. : 81373021). The SNAIS is an easily self-administered scale with good psychometric properties. Jenkins-Guarnieri, Wright, and Johnson (2013) suggested another scale, the Social Media Use Integration Scale … About 60% of the participants were male (59.2%) and about two thirds (64.1%) of them possessed a smartphone (Table 1). However, the leaflets with significance and logistics of the study was sent to the school principals and potential students together before several days of conducting the survey, and the students were suggested to approach the leaflets to their parents/caregivers for the information purpose as possible. However, there are few validated instruments to measure social networking use intensity. [2] The annual report of the China Internet Network Information Center estimated that there were 618 million Internet users, or “netizens” (45.8% of the total population) in China at the end of 2013, and a quarter (24.1%) of them were between 10–19 years old. The authors would like to give great appreciation to all participants and schools. Recent . The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Moreover, based on the results of one-way ANOVA, individuals who reported longer duration use, more frequent use, longer time spent in a typical day, and having more friends on online social networking were found to have higher scores of SNAIS and its two subscales as compared to those in the corresponding lower categories. Yes Tags: education, engagement, facebook, Facebook intensity scale, Facebook survey, higher education, methods, questions, Research, students, survey. All correlation coefficients between individual items and their respective subscale were higher than those between the same items and the other subscale (Table 3). One widely used scale that here. Data obtained from 910 (89.7%) students, who were social networking users, were used for data analysis. Specifically, the SMIS adaptation to the Instagram social network was applied . The Irish Social Sciences Platform (ISSP), which is funded under the Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions (Cycle 4), administered by the HEA and co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). No ceiling or floor effects were observed for the SNAIS and its two subscales. [1] Over 70% of the teenagers in the U.S. are users of social media. Facebook). [17] Third, those measures failed to capture the intensity of the full range of online activities. A total of 910 students who were social networking users were recruited from two junior middle schools in Guangzhou, and 114 students were retested after two weeks to examine the test-retest reliability. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Given the large scale of use of social media, there is a lack of research analysing the influence of multiple social media on brand equity (Schivinski and Dabrowski, 2015; Keller, 2016; Gürhan-Canli et al., 2016). The statistical significant level was 0.05. Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents’ daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents’ well-being. It is warranted to develop a more comprehensive tool to assess intensity of online social networking use, considering various types of online social networking activities, functions and platforms. The confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by using Lisrel 8.70, while all other statistical analyses were performed by using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Therefore, no significant ceiling or floor effects were observed for the SNAIS and its two subscales. PLoS ONE 11(10): Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (in press). The first 10-item factor explained 42.2% of the total variance, and was named the “Social Function Use Intensity (SFUI)” subscale. On social media, the intensity of a user’s preoccupation with a social networking site like Facebook is strongly correlated with trust in the social platform, according to North Carolina State University. Image Dimensions: 1060 x 575. Tags: education, engagement, facebook, Facebook intensity scale, Facebook survey, higher education, methods, questions, Research, students, survey. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t003. The Multidimensional Facebook Intensity Scale (MFIS) assesses different levels of As it was developed to assess social networking use intensity, it does not include other constructs such as emotional attachment. The results showed that the SNAIS had acceptable psychometric properties. One of the key issues plaguing the existing studies on the use of the social networking sites (SNSs) is the lack of a uniform index for measuring the time spent on the sites. Our survey did not involve endangered or protected species, and the study did not involve sensitive content related to students. Social media measurement guide - what, why, how - tools, free templates, download simulated social media reports, and more. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201403/P020140305346585959798.pdf, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/sqbg/201302/P020130219611651054576.pdf, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED537516.pdf, http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/sqbg/201209/P020120903424883977032.pdf, http://datagzstatsgovcn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsjjsp. It only uses one item to assess intensity of social networking use. In order to further refine the existing items and response scale, individual interviews were conducted among 20 students. Detailed Description. A panel consisting of a behavioral scientist, two psychologists and an epidemiologist held several meetings and eliminated the overlapping items while combining others with similar meanings. duration of social networking use). [25] Two junior middle schools, one from rural and one from urban areas, were conveniently selected to join the study, with all grade 7–9 classes of the rural school and all grade 7–8 classes of the urban school being invited to participate in the study. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t005. In contrast, the SNAIS mainly focused on the online social networking activities instead of confining to only one specific platform (e.g. Information on scoring and administering the FBI can be found at the link below. In this work, we curate a large-scale dataset that con-nects popularity in one social media platform { 81.9 million YouTube videos { to discussions about each of these digital items in an external platform, in 1.06 billion tweets. We used a modified scale to encompass all social media use, not just Facebook. On May 18, 2020. The second 4-item factor explained an additional 8.7% of the total variance, and was named the “Entertainment Function Use Intensity (EFUI)” subscale. Firstly, data was acquired by self-reporting collection method, reporting bias might exist although the study was highly anonymous. It measures the degree to which the Internet affects different aspects of one’s daily life. In sum, the study developed and evaluated an instrument for assessing extensive functions of social networking use intensity. [29,30] The scale has commonly been used in Chinese student populations and shown acceptable validity and reliability. We followed the study design of a number of published papers involving validation of scales among students [40–42], which have smaller sample sizes as compared to our study. The factor structure of SNAIS was also clearly established. this measure indicate a higher risk for disordered eating. Table 1. Over 65.0% had used online social networking services for more than one year, and 11.0% of the social networking users were daily users in the last month. We did not try to get the informed consent from parents or caregivers of the potential students considering that the survey was conducted in schools. Participants were asked whether they currently possess any social networking account. Two factors, Social Function Use Intensity (SFUI) and Entertainment Function Use Intensity (EFUI), were clearly identified by both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. Furthermore, it only assesses attitudes towards Facebook but no other social networking platforms, while the majority of adolescents use multiple types of social media. The present study developed a scale of online social media use that measures the integration of the social behavior and daily routines of users, along with … Participants were 200 adolescents aged 15 – 18 who use social media of whom 83 male and 117 female in Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. For instance, FIS, one of the scales commonly used in previous studies, only applied two items to assess Facebook behaviors (i.e. Moreover, information on the study’s background and purpose, and confidentiality of the study was printed on the cover page of the questionnaire. The investigators constructed the scale specifically for use among emerging adults, though its items may also be applicable to other age groups. The following goodness of fit statistics and cutoff criteria were used to evaluate the factor structure model in the CFA: [34–36] χ2/df ratio<5.00, both Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) >0.95, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) <0.08. Therefore, raw data will be made available upon request and approval of the schools’ principals and the investigators. [37] The results of the CFA confirmed the two-factor solution, showing acceptable goodness of fit to the data: χ2/df = 4.05 (χ2 = 307.68, df = 76, p<0.001), NNFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.082 (90%CI: 0.073~0.092). The single item related to intensity of use is inadequate and no testing of psychometric properties such as factor structure and internal reliability was possible. The psychometrics of the SNAIS were estimated using appropriate statistical methods. The top three purposes for using online social networking were to keep in contact with old friends (73.3%), entertainment (48.4%), and to make new friends (39.8%). Higher scores indicated a higher level of emotional connection to social networking. Conceptually, FIS mainly evaluated the individual’s attitudes towards Facebook to reflect the degree of emotional connection to Facebook. Supports Intensity Scale Trainers in their own words! Second, although some specific scales assessed intensity of online social networking use, [17–19] they tended to focus only on a single online social networking platform (e.g. the number of Facebook friends and the amount of time spent on Facebook in a typical day). Yes School consent and permission for the in-school survey was approved by school principals before the survey. Furthermore, 8.8% of the participants were classified as having Internet addiction (12.0% for males and 4.6% for females, χ2 = 13.84, df = 1; p<0.001) (Table 1). The test-retest intra-class correlation coefficients were 0.87, 0.67, and 0.85 for two subscales and the Overall scale, respectively. [12] Furthermore, studies conducted among college students found no significant association between amount of time spent on social networking and depression.[13,14]. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 37-44) is a child-appropriate, 3-factor scale designed to assess perceived media influence on body image. Multi-stage cluster sampling may be a better study design, and may require a larger sample size; future studies should use this design. No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? In the present study, we have developed and validated the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) among junior middle school students in China. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Participants who provided five or more “yes” answers were classified as an Internet addiction case. The Multidimensional Media Influence Scale (MMIS; Cusumano & Thompson, 2001). Facebook Intensity Scale (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). Study Shows that Intensity of Facebook Use Can Be Predicted by Reward-related Activity in the Brain Neuroscientists at Freie Universität Berlin show a link between reward activity in the brain due to discovering one has a good reputation and social media use № 243/2013 from Aug 28, 2013. with three items, based on the intensity of interaction with the brand (how much content about the tourist destination did you see on social media? Recent . Based on their comments, we removed the item response category of ‘occasional’, and thus a 5-point scale was used. Considering the dramatically increasing prevalence of social networking use among adolescents (90% prevalence in our sample), the development of the SNAIS would facilitate the progression of related studies investigating the effects of social networking use on psychosocial well-being among adolescents. It is encouraging that the two identified factors of the SNAIS were positively correlated with traditional measures related to social networking characteristics (i.e. Over the last ten years, social media has become an integral facet of modern society. The Facebook Intensity Scale was developed to measure Facebook usage by incorporating both emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into one’s daily activities. [5], With the high penetration rate, it is important to examine reasons and health outcomes of online social networking among adolescents. Furthermore, relationships between the SNAIS/subscales and general characteristics related to social networking use were tested by both Spearman correlation coefficients and one-way ANOVA to establish external validity. Furthermore, the results showed that the EFUI had a slightly higher correlation with Internet addiction as compared with that of the SFUI. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The technique of sampling uses quota sampling. [31,32] In our sample, the exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution for this scale, explaining 37.8% of the total variance, and the factor loadings ranged from 0.46 to 0.69. However, there are few validated instruments to measure social networking use intensity. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t001. The Facebook Intensity Scale is a tool used to measure Facebook usage, frequency, and duration. Emotional connection to social networking was measured by six attitudinal items adapted from the Facebook Intensity Scale. The Facebook Intensity Scale has seen prolific use since its development; however, it has been criticized by some scholars. And reliability October of 2013 in Guangzhou, the sample was randomly split into two subsamples of equal.... Efui subscale may improve its internal reliability completed the same questionnaire after two weeks: a preliminary report on online. Data are within the paper available upon request and approval of the prominent... 2001 ) its internal reliability boys and girls: a preliminary report on impact. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. ( in press ) preliminary report on usage... Its reliability the directions of the levels of modified Mercalli intensity 0.48 ( from. Such an observation needs to be used to measure social networking addiction, and construct.. 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