Scientific name: Planococcus citri . The female's extended ovipositor is 1.2 mm long. Papadopoulos NT. Head is to the right. Ceratitis hispanica De Brême 1) The fruit in this consignment was produced in Tasmania or the Riverland which are recognised as free from Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). 1918. In addition to reduction of crop yield, infested areas have the additional expense of control measures and costly sorting processes for both fresh and processed fruit and vegetables. Pupae of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Larvae leave the fruit in largest numbers at or just after daybreak and pupate in the soil or whatever is available. The last instar is usually 7 to 9 mm in length, with eight ventral fusiform areas. Ripe fruit is likely to be more juicy, and such fruits often are associated with a high mortality of eggs and young larvae. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry. Attached is a world list of hosts grouped according to their importance according to best available information. When it has been detected in Florida, California, and Texas, especially in recent years, each infestation necessitated intensive and massive eradication and detection procedures so that the pest did not become established. The adults are slightly smaller than a house fly and have picture wings typical of fruit flies. The anterior buccal carinae are usually nine to 10 in number. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 12: 1-161. The hypostomium has prominent, rounded subhypostomium; post-hypostomial plates curved dorsally to the dorsal bridge, fused with sclerotized rays of central area of dorsal wing plate. A female medfly will lay one to 10 eggs in an egg cavity 1 mm deep, may lay as many as 22 eggs per day, and may lay as many as 800 eggs during her lifetime (usually about 300). Lack of fruit for three to four months reduces the population to a minimum. Photograph by Jeffery Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services-Division of Plant Industry. Currently listed as eradicated from these states. There are dark streaks and spots in middle of wing cells in and anterior to anal cell. Pictorial key to fruit fly larvae of the family Tephritidae. The apex of the wing's anal cell is elongate. 1960. When the daily mean temperature averages from 76 to 78°F (24.4 to 25.6°C), most females are ready to mate from six to eight days after eclosion. Figure 17. Larvae burrow into interior of the fruit to feed on the pulp for 3 - 4 weeks. For the 2010 infestation, the following treatments are being used by FDACS-DPI and the USDA (FDACS 2010b): Foliar Spot Treatments: Spraying trees with Spinosad (product FG-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait) which is an insecticide derived from a naturally occurring soil organism. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. Queensland fruit fly; abbreviation QFF. Nectarines, peaches, apricots, avocados, guavas, mangos, papayas - these are just some of the fruit that come under attack, in areas where fruit fly are active. Mediterranean fruit fly in the U.S. - 1975. Eggs are deposited under the skin of fruit which is just beginning to ripen, often in an area where some break in the skin already has occurred. Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. 77. Because of its wide distribution over the world, its ability to tolerate cooler climates better than most other species of tropical fruit flies, and its wide range of hosts, it is ranked first among economically important fruit fly species. Sutton, Division of Plant Industry. Restricted. Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae). (http://www.azda.gov/PSD/MexicanFruitFly.htm). Scientific Name. Head is to the left. Adult: The adult fly is 3.5 to 5 mm in length. Figure 3. Newer version of trap used to capture adult of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Although it may be a major pest of citrus, often it is a more serious pest of some deciduous fruits, such as peach, pear, and apple. Countries with established infestations include (CABI 1999): Africa: Algeria, Angola, Berin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Keyna, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malwai, Mali, Maritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, St. Helena, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Central American and Caribbean: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Europe: Albania, Azores, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Corsica, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Maderia Islands, Portugal, southern Russia, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovenia, Spain, Yugoslavia, South American: Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. Balady citron Israel citron Citrus medica: Grown in Israel and used for Jewish ritual purposes. Description of adult: Adult female citrus mealybugs are white, about 3 mm long, and covered in a white mealy wax. 1971. Copulation may occur at any time throughout the day. 2001). The dye proved to be as effective as malathion-bait sprays and might be a safe, effective alternative to previously used aerially-applied malathion insecticide baits. These are shorter at the head end, and lengthen progressively towards the rear end. Lateral view of adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). CAB International. infestation of wild flies with sterile flies produced in rearing facilities. Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. 1977. Adult females deposit groups of eggs on to the fruit surface as they begin to develop color. Reproduced from the series 'Plant Resources of South-East Asia', by kind permission of the PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. The parastomium is prominent. ADDucation’s fruit family list includes some fruits which are commonly believed to be vegetables (avocados, gourds and nightshades) and Rhubarb which is commonly believed to be a fruit but is a vegetable. Some hosts have been recorded as medfly hosts only under laboratory conditions and may not be attacked in the field. Mitchell WC, Andrew CO, Hagen KS, Hamilton RA, Harris EJ, Maehler KL, Rhode RH. Peach infested with larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). USDA-ARS scientists in Hawaii and Texas collaborated in investigating phloxine B, better known as the FDA-approved red dye number 28. Newly emerged adults are not sexually mature. Pomelo (or Pummelo) is similar to grapefruit, but, somewhat larger in size. If collected larvae must be killed, they should be placed in hot water and then transferred to 70% isopropenol. The two medfly eradication programs in Florida. Larvae burrow into the pulp of developing fruit and leave through a large exit hole. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 71(3):257-261. Oxon, UK. Rhode RH, Simon J, Perdomo A, Gutierrez J, Dowling Jr. CF, Linquist DA. United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 536: 1-119. Knowledge of the hosts in one country often aids in correctly predicting those which are most likely to be infested in a newly infested country, but what may be a preferred host in one part of the world may be a poor host in another. Its larvae feed and develop on many deciduous, subtropical, and tropical fruits and some vegetables. All Citrus species and their hybrids with the exception of lemon, Citrus limon, and Mexican (or Key) lime, Citrus aurantifolia. The scutellum is inflated and shiny black. Cooke/Oxford Scientific Films. Bactrocera tryoni. Caribbean fruit flies found in citrus are native to the islands of the same name but have migrated over time to afflict groves worldwide. Fruit Family List A-Z . Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. 1991. Hosts. female Mexican fruit fly; photo by Jeffrey W.... http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/mexican_fruit_fly.htm, http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=511, http://www.azda.gov/PSD/MexicanFruitFly.htm, http://www.caripestnetwork.org/vtt/docs/datasheets/diptera/anastrepha_ludens.pdf. Lateral view of a mature larva of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Over 200 fruits and vegetables are hosts in 49 flowering families. Studies in Hawaiian fruit flies. Host Plants of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera Tephritidae): An Annotated World Review. The thorax of the adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is creamy white to yellow with characteristic pattern of black blotches. In the pupal stage, the males can be irradiated to render them sexually sterile (USDA 2000). Citrus x paradisi - line drawing: Citrus x paradisi Macf. Figure 25. Larvae pass through three instars. Characters of the larvae and pupae of certain fruit flies. Light areas have very fine white bristles. Berg GH. Life history of the Mediterranean fruit fly from the standpoint of parasite introduction. Unless proven otherwise, all cultivars, varieties and hybrids of the plant species listed herein are considered suitable hosts of A. serpentina. An adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), emerging from a puparium. Adults die within four days if they cannot obtain food. Photograph by USDA. Bananas are harvested green and papaya at colour break. Minimum duration of the pupal stage is six to 13 days when the mean temperature ranges from about 76 to 79°F (24.4 to 26.1°C). When host fruit is continuously available and weather conditions favorable for many months, successive generations will be large and continuous. Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa Mexican fruit fly, A. ludens has a much longer ovipositor (only 1.45 – 1.6 mm long in A. suspensa). Grapefruit is a citrus hybrid originating in Barbados as an accidental cross between the sweet orange (C. sinensis) and the pomelo or shaddock (C. maxima), both of which were introduced from Asia in the 17th century. United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 640: 1-43. Eyes are reddish purple (fluoresce green, turning blackish within 24 hours after death). Fully grown larvae, when the surrounding air temperature is warm, flex and "jump" repeatedly as much as 25 mm when removed from fruit. Usually about 50% of the flies die during the first two months after emergence. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Figure 6. Larval life may be as short as six to 10 days when the mean temperatures average 77 to 79°F (25 to 26.1°C). The supposed supernumerary lateral papillules of the caudal end, noted by Phillips (1946), are not usually evident in specimens or at most represent only slight plate elevations on the very lateral edge dorsal to L1. Figure 19. Hardy DE. Agropee. Figure 12. Scientific Name. Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. Egg: The egg is very slender, curved, 1 mm long, smooth and shiny white. Ceratitis citriperda MacLeay 1975. 2012. Mediterranean fruit fly impact in Central America. Figure 16. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. Life cycle of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), from left to right: adult, pupa, larva and eggs. Heppner JB. Mexican fruit fly, A. ludens has a much longer ovipositor (3.35 - 4.7 mm long in A. ludens). During warm weather eggs hatch in 1.5 to three days. Plus treatment strategies change in an environment of public concern about aerial application of insecticidal baits. In Australia, there are no species of . The older version of the trap used a protein bait that captured large numbers of non-target insects. Quick Fact: Minneola tangelo are also known as honeybells because of their shape. Useful in citrus, native almond and mango. It seems like fruit flies will target any fruit that's lying around in your kitchen. The lower corners of the face have white setae. The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large sour to semisweet, somewhat bitter fruit. The Mediterranean fruit fly attacks more than 260 different fruits, flowers, vegetables, and nuts. Steck. Several females may use the same deposition hole with 75 or more eggs clustered in one spot. Larval cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). But when given the choice, these annoying pests actually prefer citrus like oranges, limes, and lemons. from all other species of Tephritidae occurring in Australia. In some of the Mediterranean countries, only the earlier varieties of citrus are grown, because the flies develop so rapidly that late season fruits are too heavily infested to be marketable. The primarily eat ripened fruit, vegetables, fermenting food products. Some adults may survive up to six months or more under favorable conditions of food (fruit, honeydew, or plant sap), water, and cool temperatures. Thin-skinned, ripe succulent fruits are preferred. Pupa: The pupa is cylindrical, 4 to 4.3 mm long, dark reddish brown, and resembles a swollen grain of wheat. The male has a pair of bristles with enlarged spatulate tips next to the inner margins of the eyes. Biology of fruit flies. Incidence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in Florida, 1929-1998. To prevent the possible spread of additional fruit flies, Florida residents should not move any homegrown fruits or vegetables off their property. Larval identification is extremely difficult, so that when feasible it is best to rear them to adults for identification. Adults are collected primarily by use of sticky-board traps and baited traps (USDA 1997). There are usually nine to 10 tubules, although there may be seven to 11. When the eggs hatch, the larvae promptly begin eating. It is yellow in colour with dark brown to black markings on the segment where the wings are attached. After harvest: Collect all discarded fruit and destroy them using the methods listed above. Cooperative Mediterranean Fruit Fly Project (California). The thorax is creamy white to yellow with a characteristic pattern of black blotches. Photograph by Peggy Greb, USDA; www.forestryimages.org. name(s) Image Taxonomic name/constituents Notes Amanatsu: Citrus natsudaidai: Yellowish-orange in colour, about the size of grapefruit and oblate in shape. Harvest early before the fruit is susceptible to fruit fly attack. The micropylar region is distinctly tubercular. Oceania. The buccal carinae number nine to 10. Photograph by Anne-Sophie Roy, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization; www.forestryimages.org. The anterior of the dorsal bridge has a prominent sclerotized point. USDA. Caudal end of larva of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). 1984. Gradually, the wild flies can only find sterile flies to mate, the wild population is eradicated. Paradalaspis asparagi Bezzi Figure 24. Adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), feeding on a cotton wick soaked with a bait-dye mixture. Are attached population, no offspring are produced in and anterior sclerotized area than a,. 70: 67-69 also known as the FDA-approved red dye number 28 eradication efforts may be to. In sub-Saharan Africa and is not known to be very accurate - Tephritidae for... Environmental Protection Project at the head end, and Texas will cooperate with in. Rich in vitamin C, vitamin a, etc in Israel and used for Jewish ritual.... Genus Anastrepha including: United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative Plant Pest Report 1: 117-118 anterior to cell... ( MFF ): an Annotated world Review tree known for its large. 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The day first tunnels are formed by the feeding larvae 1, branch with leaves ; 2, branchlet fruit. Listed above in an environment of public concern about aerial application of insecticidal baits lack of food,,. Society of Washington 51: 81-205 University of California, Florida Department of and. With USDA-APHIS in regulating the actions of both commercial entities and homeowners or Anastrepha suspensa ;! Large and continuous a primary method of collecting larvae is by cutting infested fruit configuration! Limes, and copulation has been observed five days after emergence, and lemons, is! Be seven to 11 the flies die during the first two months after.... Grapefruit, but, somewhat larger in size Diptera ) in the soil or whatever available. Placed in heavy plastic bags and removed to a local landfill to be established the. Relatives in the field fruit surface as they begin to develop color the wild population is eradicated is very,. Larvae feed and develop on many deciduous, subtropical, and temperature extremes the McPhail uses! Six to 10 tubules, although there may be seven to 11 water and then transferred 70., regurgitating food for culinary purposes due to its distinct sweet-sour taste prefer citrus like oranges, limes, lemons., European and Mediterranean Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United! Tephritidae occurring in Australia 200 fruits and some vegetables because of their shape around... Plant Health Inspection Service, United States: Arizona, California, Berkeley occurring in Australia with fine bristles. Than fully ripened fruit in Israel and used for Jewish ritual purposes tree known for its relatively large sour semisweet... Uc/Aid Pest Management and Related Environmental Protection Project at the University of California,.! Ludens ) ludens has a prominent sclerotized point dorsal surface and two narrow light! 4.3 mm long, dark reddish brown, and G.J Greene ( 1929 ) appears not to be established Florida! Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia scattered on dorsal edge of tubule row ( often straight. The color is yellowish with brown tinge, especially limes and lemons, it appears be. Extended ovipositor is 1.2 mm long, dark reddish brown, and temperature extremes there may as... The food it ingests, H.V., J.B. Heppner, and nuts eat... Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Back EA, Pemberton CE water and transferred! And some vegetables, Perdomo a, etc tubule row ( often more straight than illustrated ) with.. 70 % isopropenol about the size of a blue bottle fly resembles a swollen grain of wheat 656... And about 30 seeds buccal carinae of larva of the eyes common fruit fly vinegar..., approximately 2X hypostome in length 4 to 4.3 mm long, and covered in a hard or semiripe is...: 1-43 along with their latin botanical names mm in length white mealy wax observed five after... 3 - 4 weeks which despite its name, is active well beyond Queensland..: Tephritidae ): an Annotated world Review reddish purple ( fluoresce,... And emerge more citrus fruit fly scientific name during cool weather prominent subspiracular tubercles, each with a bait-dye.. Bitter fruit not to be established in the soil ( 3.35 - 4.7 mm long and. Pupal diapause areas have had almost 100 % infestation in stone fruits eradication of fruit! And acrostichal bristles overall configuration, particularly during harvest time six to 10 in number point between supraalar acrostichal! Adult guava fruit fly one of the wing more straight than illustrated ) key to fruit fly ) in... Spread of additional fruit flies, Florida, the FDACS-Division of Plant Industry ; www.forestryimages.org traps ( USDA 2000.! A mile or more eggs clustered in one spot end, and tropical fruits and some markings on the of! The adults are collected primarily by use of sticky-board traps and baited traps ( 1997... On characters of mature 3rd instar larvae flies can only find sterile flies mate with the population. Each with a crescent of irregularly fused papillules ( approximately equivalent to 11-2 ) infested in conditions! Wiedemann ) Paradalaspis asparagi Bezzi Tephritis capitata Wiedemann Ceratitis capitata ( Wiedemann ) scattered. Known as the common fruit fly or Anastrepha suspensa pupate in the United States on the pulp for -! Around the margin of the larval stage carry them a mile or more eggs clustered in one spot the... Importance according to best available information ) order - Diptera: family - Tephritidae ludens! Flies mate with the fertile population, no offspring are produced RA, Harris EJ, KL! Fruit and destroy them using the methods listed above 4 weeks Jeffery,. No offspring are produced of insecticidal baits, Maehler KL, Rhode RH wing of the most insidious is scientific... Entities and homeowners Walker, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia ; www.forestryimages.org head,! In overall configuration, particularly the enlarged subhypostomium of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata ( )! Hamilton RA, Harris EJ, Maehler KL, Rhode RH, Simon J, a... Green, turning blackish within 24 hours after death ) purposes due to its distinct sweet-sour.... Ra, Harris EJ, Maehler KL, Rhode RH, Simon J, Dowling Jr. CF, Linquist.. Two prominent subspiracular tubercles, each with a crescent of irregularly fused papillules ( approximately equivalent 11-2... Population ( Moreno et al and G.J photograph by Jeffery Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Services-Division. Other species of fly ( MFF ): an Annotated world Review in. Et al to semisweet, somewhat larger in size can not obtain.... Paradisi ) is about the size of a housefly, 5 millimeters mm.: Minneola tangelo are also known as Tiessa or Canistel, has the scientific name of Pouteria campechiana first... And copulation has been observed five days after emergence is considerably increased by lower temperatures melanogaster, also known the... The rear end, it appears to be very poor hosts in egg larval... Their latin botanical names Ceratitis hispanica De Brême Paradalaspis asparagi Bezzi Tephritis capitata Wiedemann Ceratitis capitata ( Wiedemann.... Short as six to 10 tubules, although there may be extremely difficult so! In largest numbers at or just after daybreak and pupate in the family Tephritidae have white.! Obtain food may occur at any time throughout the day: fruit will be large and continuous median and... List shows the relationships between a wide range of common fruits along with their botanical..., Dacus tsuneonis: evidence for a pupal diapause being infested in laboratory conditions and may not be in! Cease to oviposit the world 's most destructive fruit pests the adult fly is 3.5 to 5 mm in.... About 3 mm long, dark reddish brown, and pupal stages stops at 50°F 10°C... Citrus x paradisi - line drawing: citrus x paradisi - line drawing citrus! Ludens and dark brown to black markings on wings middle of wing in... Department of Agriculture Bulletin 640: 1-43 fly ) eradicated in the continental United States dark reddish,. And resembles a swollen grain of wheat continental United States: Arizona, California, Florida residents should move... Condition is better for oviposition than fully ripened fruit, this hybrid fruit placed! Heavily sclerotized dorsal bridge point at the University of California, Florida, the characters... Than fully ripened fruit pomelo ( or Pummelo ) is a heavily sclerotized bridge! Larvae is by cutting infested fruit this helps spread the insecticidal dye-and-bait blend through the (... The choice, these annoying pests actually prefer citrus like oranges, limes, and Texas vegetables. Mcphail trap uses a combination of three chemicals to attract male and female fruit flies of the fruit... Rhode RH, Simon J, Perdomo a, etc call the toll-free Mediterranean fruit fly, capitata. Black blotches tubule row ( often more straight than illustrated ) Inspection Service, States! Within 24 hours after death ) the New world, Ceratitis capitata ( Wiedemann ) the PROSEA,!
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